白质图微观结构已显示出影响认知表现的神经心理学评分。但是，尚未尝试从白质图数据中预测这些分数。在本文中，我们提出了一个基于深度学习的框架，用于使用从扩散磁共振成像（DMRI）片段估计的微观结构测量结果进行神经心理学评分的预测，该框架的重点是基于接受语言的关键纤维纤维小道的接受性词汇评估任务的性能弓形筋膜（AF）。我们直接利用来自纤维道中所有点的信息，而无需按照传统上沿着光纤的平均数据进行扩散MRI Tractometry方法所要求的。具体而言，我们将AF表示为点云，每个点都有微观结构测量，从而可以采用基于点的神经网络。我们通过拟议的配对 - 塞亚姆损失来改善预测性能，该损失利用了有关连续神经心理学评分之间差异的信息。最后，我们提出了一种关键区域定位（CRL）算法来定位包含对预测结果有很大贡献的点的信息解剖区域。我们的方法对来自人类Connectome项目数据集的806名受试者的数据进行了评估。结果表明，与基线方法相比，神经心理评分的预测表现优异。我们发现，AF中的关键区域在受试者之间非常一致，额叶皮质区域的强大贡献最多（即，尾部中间额叶，pars opercularis和pars triangularis）与关键区域有着强烈的影响用于语言过程。

很少有课堂学习（FSCIL）着重于设计学习算法，这些学习算法可以不断地从几个样本中学习一系列新任务，而不会忘记旧任务。困难是，从新任务中进行一系列有限数据的培训会导致严重的过度拟合问题，并导致众所周知的灾难性遗忘问题。现有研究主要利用图像信息，例如存储以前任务的图像知识或限制分类器更新。但是，他们忽略了分析课堂标签的信息丰富且较少的嘈杂文本信息。在这项工作中，我们建议通过采用内存提示来利用标签文本信息。内存提示可以依次学习新数据，同时存储先前的知识。此外，为了优化内存提示而不破坏存储的知识，我们提出了基于刺激的训练策略。它根据图像嵌入刺激（即嵌入元素的分布）来优化内存提示。实验表明，我们提出的方法的表现优于所有先前的最新方法，从而大大减轻了灾难性的遗忘和过度拟合问题。

现实世界的视觉搜索系统涉及具有不同计算和存储资源的多个平台上的部署。部署适合最小符合平台的统一模型会导致精度有限。预计将部署具有不同能力的模型，以适应资源约束，这要求这些模型提取的功能必须在度量空间中对齐。实现特征比对的方法称为“兼容学习”。现有的研究主要集中在一对一兼容的范式上，该范式在多个模型之间学习兼容性受到限制。我们提出了一个具有自我兼容性（SFSC）的可切换表示学习框架。 SFSC通过一个训练过程生成一系列具有不同能力的兼容子模型。子模型的优化面对梯度冲突，我们从大小和方向的角度来减轻它。我们通过不确定性估计动态调整子模型的优先级，以适当地将子模型合作。此外，预计有相互矛盾的梯度以避免相互干扰。 SFSC在评估的数据集上实现了最先进的性能。

Designing experiments often requires balancing between learning about the true treatment effects and earning from allocating more samples to the superior treatment. While optimal algorithms for the Multi-Armed Bandit Problem (MABP) provide allocation policies that optimally balance learning and earning, they tend to be computationally expensive. The Gittins Index (GI) is a solution to the MABP that can simultaneously attain optimality and computationally efficiency goals, and it has been recently used in experiments with Bernoulli and Gaussian rewards. For the first time, we present a modification of the GI rule that can be used in experiments with exponentially-distributed rewards. We report its performance in simulated 2- armed and 3-armed experiments. Compared to traditional non-adaptive designs, our novel GI modified design shows operating characteristics comparable in learning (e.g. statistical power) but substantially better in earning (e.g. direct benefits). This illustrates the potential that designs using a GI approach to allocate participants have to improve participant benefits, increase efficiencies, and reduce experimental costs in adaptive multi-armed experiments with exponential rewards.

Transformer has achieved impressive successes for various computer vision tasks. However, most of existing studies require to pretrain the Transformer backbone on a large-scale labeled dataset (e.g., ImageNet) for achieving satisfactory performance, which is usually unavailable for medical images. Additionally, due to the gap between medical and natural images, the improvement generated by the ImageNet pretrained weights significantly degrades while transferring the weights to medical image processing tasks. In this paper, we propose Bootstrap Own Latent of Transformer (BOLT), a self-supervised learning approach specifically for medical image classification with the Transformer backbone. Our BOLT consists of two networks, namely online and target branches, for self-supervised representation learning. Concretely, the online network is trained to predict the target network representation of the same patch embedding tokens with a different perturbation. To maximally excavate the impact of Transformer from limited medical data, we propose an auxiliary difficulty ranking task. The Transformer is enforced to identify which branch (i.e., online/target) is processing the more difficult perturbed tokens. Overall, the Transformer endeavours itself to distill the transformation-invariant features from the perturbed tokens to simultaneously achieve difficulty measurement and maintain the consistency of self-supervised representations. The proposed BOLT is evaluated on three medical image processing tasks, i.e., skin lesion classification, knee fatigue fracture grading and diabetic retinopathy grading. The experimental results validate the superiority of our BOLT for medical image classification, compared to ImageNet pretrained weights and state-of-the-art self-supervised learning approaches.

Text clustering and topic extraction are two important tasks in text mining. Usually, these two tasks are performed separately. For topic extraction to facilitate clustering, we can first project texts into a topic space and then perform a clustering algorithm to obtain clusters. To promote topic extraction by clustering, we can first obtain clusters with a clustering algorithm and then extract cluster-specific topics. However, this naive strategy ignores the fact that text clustering and topic extraction are strongly correlated and follow a chicken-and-egg relationship. Performing them separately fails to make them mutually benefit each other to achieve the best overall performance. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised text clustering and topic extraction framework (ClusTop) which integrates text clustering and topic extraction into a unified framework and can achieve high-quality clustering result and extract topics from each cluster simultaneously. Our framework includes four components: enhanced language model training, dimensionality reduction, clustering and topic extraction, where the enhanced language model can be viewed as a bridge between clustering and topic extraction. On one hand, it provides text embeddings with a strong cluster structure which facilitates effective text clustering; on the other hand, it pays high attention on the topic related words for topic extraction because of its self-attention architecture. Moreover, the training of enhanced language model is unsupervised. Experiments on two datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework and provide benchmarks for different model combinations in this framework.

This paper illustrates the technologies of user next intent prediction with a concept knowledge graph. The system has been deployed on the Web at Alipay, serving more than 100 million daily active users. Specifically, we propose AlipayKG to explicitly characterize user intent, which is an offline concept knowledge graph in the Life-Service domain modeling the historical behaviors of users, the rich content interacted by users and the relations between them. We further introduce a Transformer-based model which integrates expert rules from the knowledge graph to infer the online user's next intent. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system can effectively enhance the performance of the downstream tasks while retaining explainability.

Capturing feature information effectively is of great importance in vision tasks. With the development of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), concepts like residual connection and multiple scales promote continual performance gains on diverse deep learning vision tasks. However, the existing methods do not organically combined advantages of these valid ideas. In this paper, we propose a novel CNN architecture called GoogLe2Net, it consists of residual feature-reutilization inceptions (ResFRI) or split residual feature-reutilization inceptions (Split-ResFRI) which create transverse passages between adjacent groups of convolutional layers to enable features flow to latter processing branches and possess residual connections to better process information. Our GoogLe2Net is able to reutilize information captured by foregoing groups of convolutional layers and express multi-scale features at a fine-grained level, which improves performances in image classification. And the inception we proposed could be embedded into inception-like networks directly without any migration costs. Moreover, in experiments based on popular vision datasets, such as CIFAR10 (97.94%), CIFAR100 (85.91%) and Tiny Imagenet (70.54%), we obtain better results on image classification task compared with other modern models.

Despite some successful applications of goal-driven navigation, existing deep reinforcement learning-based approaches notoriously suffers from poor data efficiency issue. One of the reasons is that the goal information is decoupled from the perception module and directly introduced as a condition of decision-making, resulting in the goal-irrelevant features of the scene representation playing an adversary role during the learning process. In light of this, we present a novel Goal-guided Transformer-enabled reinforcement learning (GTRL) approach by considering the physical goal states as an input of the scene encoder for guiding the scene representation to couple with the goal information and realizing efficient autonomous navigation. More specifically, we propose a novel variant of the Vision Transformer as the backbone of the perception system, namely Goal-guided Transformer (GoT), and pre-train it with expert priors to boost the data efficiency. Subsequently, a reinforcement learning algorithm is instantiated for the decision-making system, taking the goal-oriented scene representation from the GoT as the input and generating decision commands. As a result, our approach motivates the scene representation to concentrate mainly on goal-relevant features, which substantially enhances the data efficiency of the DRL learning process, leading to superior navigation performance. Both simulation and real-world experimental results manifest the superiority of our approach in terms of data efficiency, performance, robustness, and sim-to-real generalization, compared with other state-of-art baselines. Demonstration videos are available at \colorb{https://youtu.be/93LGlGvaN0c.

Despite the success of large language models (LLMs) in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, the stored knowledge in these models may inevitably be incomplete, out-of-date, or incorrect. This motivates the need to utilize external knowledge to assist LLMs. Unfortunately, current methods for incorporating external knowledge often require additional training or fine-tuning, which can be costly and may not be feasible for LLMs. To address this issue, we propose a novel post-processing approach, rethinking with retrieval (RR), which retrieves relevant external knowledge based on the decomposed reasoning steps obtained from the chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting. This lightweight approach does not require additional training or fine-tuning and is not limited by the input length of LLMs. We evaluate the effectiveness of RR through extensive experiments with GPT-3 on three complex reasoning tasks: commonsense reasoning, temporal reasoning, and tabular reasoning. Our results show that RR can produce more faithful explanations and improve the performance of LLMs.